Why China Won't Invade Taiwan
Examining the real reasons China's unlikely to risk war over Taiwan
The Curious Case of the Contented Taiwanese
, known for his ridiculously bad takes on China, wrote this in January 2025:"On New Year’s Eve in Taipei, it’s hard for me not to think about the future that might be coming. It’s hard not to see the streets filled with merrymakers strewn with bodies instead, the shopping malls lying shattered in chunks of rubble, the young people searching in vain for their parents. It’s hard not to look at the towering spectacle of Taipei 101 and imagine it toppled and broken.
It’s hard for me. But it doesn’t seem to be hard for most of the Taiwanese people, who go cheerfully about their partying and their jobs and the quotidian routines of daily life with as little apparent terror as my rabbit munching hay. [...]
There is an easy, laid-back tranquility to this culture like nothing I’ve ever seen, not even in Amsterdam or a California beach town."
Now, this is where it gets interesting. These "rabbits" happen to constitute one of the most well educated and wealthiest populations on the planet. We're talking about a place where half the adult population boasts a college degree. Their median wealth per adult? A cool $115k, the richest in Asia outside Hong Kong ($222k)—including Singapore ($114k). The Taiwanese are not uninformed lemmings munching hay, oblivious to geopolitical winds.
Add to this the fact that these prosperous, highly educated Taiwanese share the same language (Mandarin) with their much larger neighbor, Mainland China. This leads to a rather obvious question: What exactly do these ostensibly calm, well off, and smart Taiwanese understand about their situation that perhaps escapes the more catastrophically minded observer? Do they know something about the unlikelihood of those streets being strewn with bodies anytime soon? Perhaps.
Xi Says "No War"
It's not just the Taiwanese who seem less than convinced of imminent doom. Official pronouncements from Beijing reflect a similar sentiment. President Xi Jinping himself has put it on record: China is not looking to invade Taiwan. His rationale is one of straightforward self interest.
A war over Taiwan, particularly one drawing in the United States, would, according to Xi, "destroy many of China’s achievements and undermine his goal of achieving a 'great rejuvenation' by 2049."
As an ardent student of history, Xi is well aware of the potential for war with established powers to ruin the trajectory of rising powers, as it did with Germany and Japan in World War II, and he will be careful to ensure China does not repeat their mistakes.
Of course, there will be skeptics towards Beijing’s official statements. Hawks in Washington will say this is merely rhetoric for an international audience while invasion plans are being secretly drawn up, but there are some compelling reasons underpinning this stated aversion to armed conflict.
It's an Export Story, Mostly
Consider the nuts and bolts of the Chinese economic machine. China is, to put it mildly, an export powerhouse. It's the world's largest exporter by a considerable margin.
China is responsible for 14% of everything shipped across borders globally.
Manufacturing isn't just a point of pride1 for the Chinese; exporting manufactured goods is the lifeblood of their economy.
And where do these exports predominantly go? Well, the European Union and the United States are China's number two and three trading partners, respectively.
An invasion of Taiwan would trigger Western decoupling and sanctions on China faster than you can say "geopolitical fallout." Such sanctions would slow the recovering Chinese economy, which is grappling with a 15% youth unemployment rate. The prospect of mass unemployment, fueled by a Western economic boycott, leading to social unrest and potentially destabilizing the Communist Party's hold on power, is not something Beijing would lightly entertain.
Even China Can’t Escape the Greenback
China’s reliance on exports naturally bleeds into a profound dependence on the global financial system, a system still very much dominated by the U.S. dollar. For a stark illustration, look no further than Hong Kong, China's premier international financial gateway.
Despite all the geopolitical chest thumping, the Hong Kong dollar remains pegged to the U.S. dollar. This isn't an oversight. It's a necessity, a nod to the greenback's currently irreplaceable role in global trade and finance, even when that greenback belongs to China’s primary geopolitical rival.
Consider the Hong Kong Exchange Fund, one of the world's largest sovereign wealth funds. It's swimming in dollar and euro denominated assets. Foreign currency assets make up a whopping 95% of its total holdings, with U.S. dollar denominated backing assets alone accounting for 55% of the total.
While the Hong Kong Monetary Authority doesn’t disclose the precise breakdown of the remaining 40% in foreign currency, it's a safe bet that a substantial chunk could be frozen by Western nations in the event of a military conflict in the Taiwan Strait. The prospect of having those vast reserves instantly immobilized is a powerful disincentive.
The fear of losing U.S. dollar access is palpable. Even Chinese state-owned banks have shied away from doing business with Hong Kong officials sanctioned by the U.S., lest they too find themselves on the wrong side of the American financial system.
Beijing may grumble about U.S. dollar dominance, even accuse Washington of abusing it, but complaints don't change reality. While the U.S. dollar remains the world's most trusted currency, China, for all its efforts to de-dollarize, must ultimately operate within the dollar’s sphere of influence. An invasion of Taiwan would put its access to that sphere in severe jeopardy.
The Invisible Hand of Investor Fear
A more current and pressing concern than sanctions for Beijing is Chinese companies' access to capital. In 2024, President Xi asked a group of Chinese entrepreneurs why the number of new unicorns in the country had been falling.
On its face, the question is a bit of a head-scratcher. By purchasing power parity, a measure of economic output that adjusts for price differences, China’s GDP is already almost 30% larger than that of the United States. It's a giant.
Yet, if you look at the total value of all the stocks in the U.S., that market capitalization is almost four times bigger than China's.
China’s economy is bigger on paper, but US publicly traded companies are collectively worth four times as much to investors. What gives?
This isn't just a fun fact for finance nerds. This is the "China discount"2 in action, and it has real-world consequences. A lower valuation for Chinese companies means it's harder and more expensive for them to raise the capital they need to grow, innovate, and compete. It directly kneecaps their competitiveness and slows down broader economic development. It is, in short, a direct threat to Xi's grand goal of "great rejuvenation." It’s far more difficult to rejuvenate your nation if your best and brightest companies are perpetually trading at a discount to their global peers, starved of the capital that fuels growth.
This is where the Taiwan situation gets particularly sticky, in a way that goes beyond formal sanctions or asset freezes. Sanctions are a policy tool announced in reaction to certain events. Capital, on the other hand, is a coward. It doesn't wait for a presidential decree or a UN resolution to get scared. It can and does move in or out of a country based on nothing more than the collective gut feeling of thousands of investors assessing risk at any given moment.
Chinese stocks are beginning to crawl out of a three-year-long crater that started back in early 2021. A fragile recovery began to take hold in late 2024, with the Hang Seng Index up 35% since September 2024. Investors are dipping their toes back in the water, thinking the worst is over.
Now, imagine what the mere prospect of a war over Taiwan does to that delicate sentiment, let alone the actual outbreak of one. It wouldn't just erase those recent gains. It would vaporize them and then some. It wouldn’t just cause a bigger China discount; it would risk making Chinese securities fundamentally un-investable for a generation.
China is not Russia
China and Taiwan are often likened to Russia and Ukraine, but the situations are totally different.
Before invading Ukraine, Vladimir Putin could, with some degree of confidence, absorb Western sanctions because he had a rather large trading partner in China ready to pick up some of the slack. Russia could lose access to SWIFT and Western technology, knowing China would still provide a market for their commodities and a source of modern goods. Indeed, Russia’s continued access to modern necessities like cars and smartphones is largely due to its relationship with China.
China, however, doesn't have another China to fall back on. Beijing is acutely aware of its dependence on the global system, particularly access to Western markets and crucial technologies. This isn't speculation. During the U.S.-China tariff squabbles, Beijing, for all its fiery rhetoric, quietly made sure that critical imports like semiconductors and airplane parts were exempted from its retaliatory 125% tariffs on U.S. goods.
At the end of the day, Beijing knows that being ejected from the Western economic club would be profoundly disadvantageous for Chinese companies and citizens. This economic reality lends considerable weight to Xi's assertion that a conflict would torpedo China's long term ambitions.
Then there's the matter of nuclear weapons. A direct shooting war between the United States and China is the stuff of nightmares, precisely because both are nuclear armed, technologically sophisticated global superpowers. The old Cold War logic of Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD) still holds. The consequences are simply too catastrophic for either side to rationally contemplate3 initiating such a conflict.
What's particularly noteworthy here is China's official nuclear posture. Among the major nuclear powers, China stands out for having the strictest policy against nuclear weapon use. It is, in fact, the only nuclear-armed state with an unconditional No First Use (NFU) policy. This means Beijing has pledged never to be the first to introduce nuclear weapons into a conflict, under any circumstances.
This contrasts sharply with other nuclear states. India is the other nuclear power with an NFU policy, but it comes with strings attached4. France, North Korea, Pakistan, Russia, the U.K., and the U.S. all maintain policies that explicitly permit the first use of nuclear weapons. (Israel, of course, denies the existence of its nukes and naturally then has no NFU policy either).
The tendency to draw direct parallels between Xi Jinping's China and Vladimir Putin's Russia, particularly with respect to Taiwan and Ukraine respectively, misses crucial distinctions. China's firm No First Use nuclear policy, for example, is a world away from Russia's stance.
In September 2024, Putin notably lowered Russia's threshold for nuclear weapon deployment. Repeatedly brandishing the nuclear saber, as Moscow has done, aligns with the playbook of an aggressor willing to escalate.
Beijing’s consistent advocacy for nuclear restraint and its vocal opposition to nuclear weapons paint a different picture.
A nation hell bent on military conquest, particularly against an entity with potential powerful allies, would be unlikely to so firmly tie its own hands by giving up the first use of its ultimate weapon. It’s a policy that implies a preference for avoiding military confrontation.
For Beijing, it’s almost as if MAD stands for Mutually Assured Detente.
Taiwan is not Ukraine
Before the Russian invasion of Ukraine, "the United States made no effort to address one of Vladimir Putin’s most often stated top security concerns — the possibility of Ukraine’s membership into NATO."
This is despite the fact that Putin had made his concern loud and clear.
"Putin himself stated publicly many times before the invasion that indeed, Ukraine’s potential NATO membership was a key security concern for Russia.
Weeks before Russia launched its war against Ukraine, Putin claimed that Russia’s concerns about NATO enlargement were being ignored. 'We need to resolve this question now … [and] we hope very much our concern will be heard by our partners and taken seriously,' he later said."
Biden's refusal to "even talk about the issue of NATO expansion" likely caused Putin to feel like he needed to act on his own to prevent NATO troops from ever being placed on Ukraine's border with Russia.
Taiwan, not a sovereign UN member, poses no equivalent alliance membership threat. No Western military power has official ties with Taipei, so membership in a NATO-like bloc could never even happen, let alone trigger a military conflict.
Why Taiwan Also Isn’t Hong Kong
There's a common, almost reflexive, assumption in some circles that Taiwan is just waiting to become Hong Kong 2.0. It’s not. Here are a few key distinctions.
1. End of New Territories lease in 1997
In 1898, the UK signed a deal with Qing China to lease the New Territories, the entire light purple part of this map, for 99 years.
Fast forward to 1982, with the 1997 expiration date looming just 15 years out, Beijing made it abundantly clear: there would be no renewal.
The New Territories comprised a whopping 86% of Hong Kong's land, 60% of the population5, and much of the city’s critical infrastructure. It was "economically and logistically infeasible" to just hand back New Territories and keep the remaining, much smaller portion of HK. The UK, facing a ticking clock and a determined landlord in Beijing, had precious little leverage. The whole thing went back to China.
Taiwan, of course, has no such expiring lease hanging over its head. Rather, its existence stems from the result of an unresolved conflict with the mainland from more than 70 years ago.
This means Beijing's ability to achieve reunification doesn't come with a convenient contractual deadline. It hinges, instead, largely on the threat of military action, which is a rather more complicated proposition.
2. Defensibility
Hong Kong's proximity to mainland China, and its geography, made any serious military defense a non-starter. Margaret Thatcher herself recounted Deng Xiaoping's rather blunt assessment: "I could walk in and take the whole lot this afternoon." Her reply was basically, "Well, yes, but think of the PR." Not exactly a robust defense posture.
Hong Kong is basically the anti-Switzerland: no mountains to speak of for defense, no vast ocean moat, and no highly trained army. Taking it, for a power controlling Mainland China, is relatively straightforward. Imperial Japan managed it in under three weeks back in December 1941 while it was simultaneously fighting in China, the Pacific, and Southeast Asia.
Taiwan, however, is a different kettle of fish. Or, to use John Mearsheimer's framing in a Lex Fridman interview, it's about a "big body of water called the Taiwan Strait." Mearsheimer's point is simple but profound: invading across water is hard. Really hard.
"If you're a country and I'm a country and there's land between us, I can take my Panzer divisions and I can go right across the land and attack your country."
Easy peasy, relatively speaking.
But, "if there's a big body of water between us, in a world where you have lots of submarines, aircraft, land-based missiles that can hit those surface ships, it is very, very hard to attack across a body of water."
His go-to example? The Allied invasion of Normandy in 1944. A massive, costly, and incredibly risky undertaking.
The Taiwan Strait is wider and often stormier than the English Channel. Plus, unlike 1944, we now live in an age of satellites. Any significant amphibious invasion force preparing to set sail wouldn't exactly be a surprise. Taiwan would know. The world would know. The element of a sudden, overwhelming shock is largely off the table. No one is "walking in and taking" Taiwan in an afternoon.
Because of Taiwan’s defensibility and the lack of any expiring lease, the Sino-British talks over Hong Kong are a largely inapplicable precedent for any future Beijing-Taipei discussions, but there is one key aspect about Taiwan that is easier for Beijing compared to HK.
3. Lost in Translation (Or Not, For Taiwan)
A significant hurdle for Beijing in Hong Kong after the 1997 handover was winning hearts and minds. This effort, or lack thereof in some views, culminated in the city's most intense protests and riots in 2019.
A major contributing factor? Language. Hongkongers predominantly speak Cantonese. Mainlanders predominantly speak Mandarin.
For many Hong Kong protesters, Mandarin was perceived as the language of an encroaching, unwelcome authority and community. As a result, the protesters often harassed and attacked Mandarin speakers, even those from Taiwan, Singapore, and North America.
This linguistic barrier between Hong Kong and Mainland China made it tough for mainland Chinese culture to gain traction, let alone the kind of soft power that might cultivate a sense of shared national pride.
Now, pivot to Taiwan. The Taiwanese, by and large, share a common language with the mainland: Mandarin. This is not a small thing. For the younger generation, this shared language means that content from mainland Chinese apps like TikTok and Xiaohongshu (RedNote) is easily accessible and consumable. Despite the Great Firewall, a significant amount of Chinese content ends up on platforms like YouTube.
A Mandarin teacher in Taiwan, Chu Yi-chun, notes:
“Even if they consume American, Japanese, Korean or whatever else on TikTok, they absorb Chinese content most easily. They include Chinese cultural references and lingo from that content in their speech and writing.”
Mainland Chinese influence on Taiwan’s young people have become more apparent over time.
"Smaller-scale studies have found that many Chinese slang words have entered Taiwan’s youth lexicon in the past three years. The northern Chinese term “niu” (meaning “awesome”) was unheard of in Taiwan until recently, but now appears commonly on teenagers’ social media feeds and in real life. Other Chinese-influenced memes and games have become commonplace, teachers say."
This cultural seepage is happening against a backdrop of China's expanding global soft power. If you throw in an erratic and unpredictable U.S. administration that antagonizes historical allies, including Taiwan, a growing number of Taiwanese might start to see some pragmatic advantages in aligning with a culturally familiar and economically and militarily powerful neighbor.
Indeed, Taiwan's Gen Z, having come of age during China's ascent to global superpower status, appears to be cultivating a distinctly realistic view of their giant neighbor. When high school students were quizzed on the optimal survival strategy for Taiwan, the overwhelming response was that Taiwan must do everything in its power to avoid provoking a Chinese attack.
“Almost without exception, they wrote that, being small and weak, Taiwan must avoid appearing as a threat to China. No matter how they harass us, we must tolerate it.”
This is not the language of students preparing to storm the legislature to block trade deals with China, as happened during the 2014 Sunflower Student Movement.
Since then, the outlook of young Taiwanese has shifted significantly.
"According to data published by the Taiwanese Public Opinion Foundation polling organisation last year, people between 20 and 24 are no longer the age group who feel their Taiwanese identity the strongest, bucking a long-established pattern. And there are indications that, among young people, Taiwan’s decades-old trend towards ever stronger support for independence might also be going into reverse."
Much has changed in the attitudes of Taiwanese students towards China since the Sunflower Movement 11 years ago, and much will continue to change over the coming decades due to China’s growing hard and soft power.
"Taiwanese educators and researchers fear that the ever greater numbers of children using [Chinese apps] risk being exposed to content that seems innocent, but causes them to look more favourably upon the People’s Republic and feel more negative towards their own nation — something they suspect is a deliberate strategy by Beijing."
This shouldn't be surprising. Reunification has been Beijing's #1 priority6 since the PRC's founding in 1949. It's their North Star, but this doesn’t mean invasion is inevitable or even likely.
The Dangling Sword (and Why It Will Just Dangle)
For those who see Chinese warships on the horizon at every news cycle, it's worth remembering a core tenet about Beijing's leadership, as articulated by geopolitical expert John Mearsheimer: "the Chinese are realists to the core." This isn't to say they don't have grand ambitions, but cost-benefit analysis rules the day for them.
An actual invasion of Taiwan, as discussed, presents a veritable minefield of obstacles. It would be incredibly messy, with potentially devastating second-order consequences that could seriously undermine the Communist Party's own stability. Think about it: the risk of triggering a wider conflict (hello, nuclear deterrence), the certainty of crippling economic sanctions that would gut their export-driven economy, and the high probability of sparking significant social unrest at home due to an inevitable economic slowdown. The PLA might well "win" an invasion, given enough time and a willingness to absorb horrific losses, but Beijing cannot afford the aftermath.
So, the possibility of invasion, the military drills, the missile tests, and the probing of Taiwan's Air Defense Identification Zone (ADIZ) are less about an imminent D-Day and more about maintaining a proverbial Sword of Damocles over Taipei.
Beijing will undoubtedly continue to sharpen this sword to motivate a greater willingness for Taipei to come to the negotiating table. But Beijing is also acutely aware that if that sword were to actually fall, the consequences for the PRC itself could be catastrophic.
This is China’s two-pronged approach: the carrot of burgeoning soft power and economic integration, and the stick of an ever-present, ever-improving military capability. With both of these elements growing, China can afford to play the long game. It can infiltrate Taiwan’s government and military, exploit divisions within Taiwan society, leverage its economic might, and use their shared language to allow its media to create compelling content that influences a generation of Taiwanese to think more positively about China.
The Surprisingly Chill Cold War Across the Strait
Given the constant drumbeat of "imminent invasion" talk, it's almost jarring to remember a simple fact:
The Taiwan Strait has been totally peaceful for almost 70 years.
The last time a combat-related death occurred between the PRC and the ROC was in 1958, during the Second Taiwan Strait Crisis over the ROC-controlled islands of Kinmen and Matsu. That's 67 years ago.
Compare this to other geopolitically contentious relationships and the most recent instance where a person on one side was killed by the other side in combat: India-Pakistan (2025), Israel-Palestine (2025), Israel-Iran (2025), Russia-Ukraine (2025), North and South Korea (2020). These adversaries have caused far more frequent and recent bloodshed compared to China and Taiwan.
A nearly seven-decade peace despite underlying tension is not an accident. It suggests a deeply ingrained, if unspoken, understanding in both Beijing and Taipei that armed conflict is not the way to resolve their differences.
One of the clearest, most unambiguous signs of progress towards a less overtly hostile peace is the curious evolution of the Kuomintang’s (KMT) attitude towards the CCP in Taiwan. Today, in the complex dance of Taiwanese politics, the KMT is the strongest advocate for closer, more amicable relations with Mainland China.
During and for decades after the Chinese Civil War, the Chinese Communist Party and the KMT were mortal enemies. One can only imagine Mao Zedong and Chiang Kai-shek, having presided over one of the 20th century's bloodiest conflicts against the other, rolling in their graves at the thought of their political successors seeking closer, peaceful ties.
Beijing understands a crucial lesson from history: the death and destruction wrought by war breeds a uniquely virulent, generational hatred and resistance. It fosters future rebellions. This is the unfortunate emotional landscape between Indians and Pakistanis, Israelis and Palestinians, and Russians and Ukrainians.
The long peace between Beijing and Taipei means that this deep-seated, visceral animosity is largely absent. Mainlanders and Taiwanese routinely travel across the strait for work, study, tourism, and business, with Taiwanese making over four million trips to Mainland China in 2024, up 54% from 2023.
This Japanese proverb7 certainly is true when it comes to top leaders on both sides and the people they govern.
"The tops of the trees do not touch, but their roots are intertwined."
Beijing understands the importance of preserving peace in order to have the right starting point for constructive negotiations. Any military attack would unite the Taiwanese against Beijing, a counterproductive action given that Taiwan is a deeply divided democracy.
No Chinese leader, including Xi, wants to go down in history as the person who ended 70 years of peace in the Taiwan Strait.
The Negotiation Table: Taiwan's Unexpected Leverage
In April 2024, President Xi told former Taiwan President Ma Ying-jeou (translated):
"People on both sides of the Taiwan Strait are all Chinese. There are no knots in our hearts that cannot be untied. There are no problems that cannot be discussed. There is no force that can separate us." (emphasis added)
Despite the growing power disparity between Beijing and Taipei, Taiwan actually approaches this hypothetical negotiation table with more leverage than many seem to believe. Taiwan’s high defensibility, combined with the absence of an imminently expiring lease, means Beijing can't just impose its will.
"One Country, Two Systems" as implemented in Hong Kong is unpopular even with the KMT, the most pro-China major political party in Taiwan.
Historically, direct negotiations between Beijing and Taipei have focused on pragmatic economic and trade issues, like hammering out trade agreements. It's a reasonable assumption that future cross-strait negotiations under a non-DPP Taiwanese administration would continue to prioritize economic integration over politically fraught questions of sovereignty.
Given Taiwan's defensive strengths and the severe downsides of an invasion for China, Taipei could negotiate a governance framework with major differences compared to the version of One Country, Two Systems as currently implemented in Hong Kong8.
Who Best To Negotiate With Beijing On Behalf Of Taiwan?
In Beijing's eyes, the answer is simple: pretty much any Taiwanese president not from the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). The DPP's charter explicitly rejects the "One China" principle and the 1992 Consensus, making them a non-starter for direct, official talks with Beijing.
The 2024 Taiwanese presidential election results offer some insight here. While the DPP candidate won, it was with only 40% of the vote, and the party lost its legislative majority. This suggests that 60% of the Taiwanese electorate is not interested in direct confrontation with Beijing.
So what do they want? Polls and economic indicators suggest a focus on bread-and-butter issues: rising wages (which have been stagnant for decades) and affordable housing9. They also want to preserve their system, rights, and freedoms.
Crucially, most appear to have no appetite for a devastating war they are unlikely to win against a vastly more powerful neighbor.
A majority (66%) of Taiwanese are unwilling to pay higher taxes to strengthen the island's military.
Mandatory military service, currently one year for able-bodied men, is deeply unpopular. Reports of at least 120 men, including 11 celebrities, being arrested for falsifying health records to evade the draft underscore this sentiment.
"In recent decades, Taiwan’s people have seen their military in a negative light due to perceptions that mandatory military service is a 'waste of time' and that Taiwan’s chances of prevailing in a war against China are meager as the gap in military capabilities continues to widen across the Taiwan Strait."
The government has resorted to threatening seven-year prison sentences to enforce conscription, which is supposed to be a civic duty.
Ironically, this is one of the areas where Noah Smith's observations are right:
"Even as the titanic battle-fleets of a menacing empire surround their home, even as the empire’s state media bellow threats of war, Taiwanese people stroll through night markets and sip Ruby #18 tea and line up for the latest cat cafe. There is an easy, laid-back tranquility to this culture like nothing I’ve ever seen, not even in Amsterdam or a California beach town."
This tranquility isn't born of ignorance or a rabbit-like obliviousness. It stems from a pragmatic understanding that:
China, for all its bluster, would strongly prefer not to invade
Taiwan itself holds a powerful key to de-escalation: the choice to negotiate and give up some degree of sovereignty and autonomy in exchange for guaranteed peace.
The 2049 Deadline and the Pull of History
For the Chinese Communist Party, the "Taiwan issue" is more than just a geopolitical objective; it's the final, crucial chapter in their narrative of national rejuvenation. It's about formally ending the Chinese Civil War, erasing the last vestiges of the "century of humiliation," and completing the restoration of the Chinese nation. The year 2049, the 100th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, is often cited as the target date for achieving reunification. For Beijing, Taiwan is the ultimate, non-negotiable red line.
Given China’s unwavering determination, their multi-pronged approach (economic incentives, cultural outreach, diplomatic pressure, and the ever-present military option held in reserve), and their demonstrated willingness to play the very long game, it seems more likely than not that Beijing will eventually achieve an outcome it deems acceptable.
Conclusion: The Path of Peace
When all the pieces are on the board—the economic self-interest of China, the deterrent effect of potential nuclear escalation, the surprisingly long history of actual peace across the strait, the growing cultural and linguistic bridges, the sheer military difficulty of an amphibious invasion, and the apparent pragmatism on both sides (Beijing's realism, Taiwan's desire to avoid an unwinnable conflict)—the scale tips away from imminent, large-scale war.
Beijing’s long-term strategy favors soft power, economic integration, and patient diplomacy (with a sharpened sword kept visible, just in case). Coupled with Taiwan's inherent defensibility and a populace that seems to prefer prosperity and peace over a doomed military showdown, the most probable path forward is one of continued, complex interaction, negotiation, and gradual evolution, rather than a sudden, violent confrontation.
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On a May 2025 trip to a factory in Luoyang, China, President Xi spoke to workers (translated):
We are committed to the path of developing the real economy. In the past, we relied on foreign matches, soap, and iron. Now, we’ve become the world’s leading manufacturing nation. This path has proven right. Chinese-style modernization requires us to keep strengthening manufacturing. We must master our own manufacturing technology. Only then can we truly achieve Chinese-style modernization.
Chinese stocks trade at half the valuation of US stocks. P/E: S&P 500 (27), MSCI China (13).
Combined population of New Kowloon, New Territories, and Marine in 1981
When Henry Kissinger, Nixon’s Secretary of State, had his groundbreaking meeting with PRC Premier Zhou Enlai in 1971, Kissinger reportedly wanted to discuss a whole menu of global issues. Zhou Enlai, however, had one item at the very top of his agenda, an issue he returned to repeatedly: Taiwan.
木の葉は触れ合わず、根は絡み合う (Ki no ha wa fureauzu, ne wa karamiau)
One Country, Two Systems is not a monolithic framework that is the same in every Special Administrative Region (SAR). The two current implementations of One Country, Two Systems, in HK and Macau respectively, are different from each other due to differences in economic structure and British and Portuguese governance.
There’s no question that any potential form of 1C2S implemented in Taiwan would have uniquely Taiwanese characteristics and differences.
Consider these numbers: Taiwan’s median wage is a 53% of its per capita GDP, and its minimum wage is only 31%. This is compared to averages of 80% and 40%, respectively, among other advanced economies. On housing, Taiwanese workers apparently have to spend an average of 42.1% of their disposable household income on housing, versus only 15% in other advanced economies. These are real pressures.
Obvious to anyone with a brain. Meaning nobody in the US.
Great article. I agree. I’ve always had the though that if Xi wanted to invade Taiwan, he would’ve already. But he knows the cost.